content="15; IB History Essays: historians and quotes
Showing posts with label historians and quotes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label historians and quotes. Show all posts

Historians and Quotes for the Great War

For an updated page of quotes:

HISTORIANS AND QUOTES for the great war

HISTORIANS

Bernd Huppauf- The Blind War- A War with no Direction- revisionist WWI

Robert Wohl- A Place in the Sun- a German Need- orthodox WWI

Norman Stone- Russia getting too strong for Germany- revisionist WWI

Imanuel Geiss-Orthodox Germany to blame

Gerhard Ritter- defence of Germany

Egmont Zechlin- revision WWI

Gerhard Schroeder- no one responsible- German revisionist WWI

Wolfgang Mommsen- German historian, Germany responsible for outbreak

AJP Taylor- revision, European international relations Europe: Grandeur and Decline

Fritz Fisher- Germany responsible for WWI because of its aggressive pursuit of its Weltpolitik

Richard Hamilton- The Origins of World War I- revisionist

Kenneth Waltz- Man, the State, and War.- examining different views on causes of war. WWI was caused by human nature- supported also by theory of Confucius.

George F. Kennan- 1894 alliance caused WWI

QUOTES

Sydney Bradshaw Fay: “A peaceable, sensible mass 500 million was hounded into war by a few dozen incapable leaders.

Sydney Bradshaw Fay- Imperialism, nationalism, militarism and alliances- “all these things meshed together to create a collective impetus to war”.

British nation: “We want eight and we wont wait

Kaisar Wilhelm in Daily Telegraph, 1908: “You English, are mad, mad, mad as March hares

After 1911 Agadir crisis Daily Mail newspaper: “Germany is deliberately preparing to destroy the British Empire. Britain alone stands in the way of Germanys path to world power and domination

Kaiser 1911: “When the hour comes we are prepared for sacrifices, both of blood and of treasure

After Agadir crisis Lloyd George: “Britains interests were vitally affected

Serbian Prime minister Pasic after defeating Bulgaria: “the first round is won, now for the second round- against Austria.

Lloyd George 1934: “The nations slithered over the brink into the boiling cauldron of war without any trace of apprehension or dismay... The nations backed their machines over the precipice not one of them wanted war, certainly not on this scale

Revisionist Richard Hamilton- The Origins of World War I: “There was no slide to war, no war caused by inadvertence, but instead a world war caused by a fearful set of elite statesmen and rulers making deliberate choices.

AJP Taylor- Europe: Grandeur and Decline: “The Austrian government was not much concerned to punish the crime of Sarajevo. They wanted to punish a different crime- the crime that Serbia committed by existing as a free national state.”

Nicolas II to Kaiser 29 July 1914: “An unjust war has been declared on a wear country. The anger in Russia shared fully by me is enormous. I beg you in the name of our friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.

German chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg asked General Moltke after Russian mobilisation: “Is the fatherland in danger? Yes

Bethmann-Hollweg: “For a scrap of paper, Great Britain is going to make a war?” (Treaty of London 1839)

World was scared of present, Germany of future.

Historians and Quotes for the Interwar years

For an updated page of quotes:

HISTORIANS AND QUOTES

for the INTERWAR years

HISTORIANS

Audin-Rouzeau- The Versailles Treaty Going Too Far

JR Western- LoN died with Abyssinia

James Joll- failure of LoN, ToV devided Europe- into countries who wanted to revise it, ones who wanted to uphold it and the ones who were not interested

AJP Taylor- failure of LoN, unfairness of ToV

HAL Fisher- members of LoN responsible for war

John Maynard Keynes: The Economic Consequences of the Peace.

E.H.Carr- LoN did not fail but the members did, ToV was based on unworkable idealistic principles-because it did not solve German Problem just selfish needs

PMH Bell- critique of ToV

Anthony Lentin- ToV failed to tackle the underlying potential of Germany

Ruth Hening- ToV was a good idea

Adam Adamthwaite- ToV was a good idea

Paul Birdsall- USA not involved-main reason for failure of ToV and LoN

Paul Kennedy- ToV and LoN was successful in 1920’s, but crushed by militarism of Japan, Germany and Italy in 1930’s cause by Great Depression

Denis Mack Smith- criticism of Mussolini

Hannah Arendt- Italian fascism much less totalitarian than Germany and Russia

Sir Ian Keshaw- comparison of domestic policies of Hitler and Mussolini

McGregor Knox- greatness of Mussolini’s aims

QUOTES

AJP Taylor about ToV: “No German accepted it as a fair settlement and all Germnas wanted to shake it off.”

PMH Bell about ToV: “The settlement was a rickety edifice which was unstable from the start.

Adam Adamthwaite: “ToV was a brave attempt to deal with intractable, perhaps insoluble problems.”

Woodrow Wilson said: “I would rather belong to a poor nation that was free than to a rich nation that had ceased to be in love with liberty

British people wanted Germans to pay: “everything you can squeeze out of a lemon

German foreign minister Count Brockdorff-Rantzau- “It is demanded that we confess ourselves guilty. Such a confession in my mouth would be a lie.

Lloyd George: “We shall to fight another war again in 25 years time

French Marshall Ferdinand Foch 1920- “This is not a peace. It is an armistice for 20 years.

Abyssinia: historian JR Western 1971: “The crisis was fatal to the League. Nobody took it seriously again. They got ready for the Second World War.

Historian J Joll 1976: “After Manchuria and Abyssinia, people decided that it was no longer any use putting hopes in the League.”

Historian AJP Taylor 1966: “The League died in 1935. One day it was a powerful body imposing sanctions, the next day it was a useless fraud, everybody running away from if as quickly as possible. Hitler watched.”

HAL Fisher 1935: “If the nations want peace, the League gives them the way by which peace can be kept. Bet, League or no League, a country which is determined to have a war can always have it

Churchill about Munich 1938: “It is a total defeat. Czechoslovakia will be swallowed up by the Nazis. And do not suppose that this is the end. This is only the beginning.

Chamberlain: Czechoslovakia- “a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing.”

Chamberlain about Munich: “I believe it is peace for our time.”

Chamberlain: “War is a terrible thing, and we must make sure hat it is the great issues that are involved.” Hitler was a man who could be relied on.”

Hitler: “Sudetenland is the last claim I have to make.”

Churchill: “An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.”

Churchill: “Second world war was the easiest war to be prevented.”

Stalin after Nazi-Soviet pact: “We got peace for our country for 18 months, which let us make military preparations.”

Stalin was sure that Russia could only gain from a long war in which Britain, France and Germany exhausted themselves.

Mussolini- “Obedience not discussion

Historians and Quotes for Germany

For an updated page of quotes:

HISTORIANS AND QUOTES

for Germany

HISTORIANS

Sir Alan Bullock- Hitler-A study in Tyranny

Bullock and Nicholls- Hitler was important in fail of WR

Detlev Peukert- Hitler’s support came from his promises of Germany’s ‘returning to past’

John Maynard Keynes: The Economic Consequences of the Peace. Nazis used government money to put people in jobs- later used in USA

Sir Ian Kershaw- social impact of Nazism, The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation

Walter Frank- Nazi historian, anti-Semitism

Andreas Hillgruber- Intentionalist- Hitler was the driving force behind Holocaust- Hitler’s Strategy

Martin- the failure of Weimar was Hindenburg’s fault

AJP Taylor- Depression put the wind in Hitler’s sails

Kershaw, Kolb and Broszart- social historians

David Hoggan- Der Erzwungene Krieg- about Anglo-Polish conspiracy to wage aggression against Germany, The Myth of the Sex Million- denying Holocaust

Hugh Trevor-Roper: A. J. P. Taylor, Hitler and the War.

William Shirer- Rise and Fall of the Third Reich

QUOTES

Alan Bullock: “Hitler was jobbed into power by the old guard.” Hitler was a “Mountebank

Hitler: “He alone, who owns the youth, gains the future.”, “If you tell a big enough lie and tell it frequently enough, it will be believed.”, “The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than to a small one.”, “The great strength of the totalitarian state is that it forces those who fear it to imitate it.”, “The victor will never be asked if he told the truth.

Goebbels: If we are attacked we can only defend ourselves with guns not with butter.”

One German woman told the American reporter Nora Wall: “He is my mother and my father. He keeps me safe from all harm.”

AJP Taylor: “Depression put the wind into Hitlers sails."

Historians and Quotes for Russia

For an updated page of quotes:

Historians and quotes

for Russia


HISTORIANS

E.H.Carr- pro-Soviet, revolution was perfectly planned ‘coup d’etat’

Robert Daniels- Revolution was an ‘historical accident’

Marc Ferro- WWI was the main factor leading to revolution

Robert Conquest-Orthodox, The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties

William Taubman- Nikita Khrushchev

Zbigniew Brzezinski- The Grand failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the 20th century

Eric Hobsbawm- Marxist

George F. Kennan- orthodox, diplomacy,

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn- soviet social, Gulag Archipelago

Orlando Figes- People's Tragedy: Russian Revolution 1891-1924

Plakhanov wrote Society and the Political Struggle in 1897- first Russian Marxist book

Chris Reed- Bolshevik historian

John Reed: Ten Days That Shook the World

Ilyin- Zhenevsky, A.F. From the February Revolution to the October Revolution 1917

Rodzianko, M.V.: The Reign of Rasputin

Michael Lynch-a revisionist historian

Allan Wildman-Russian Army in War and Revolution

Sheila Fitzpatrick- Social historian, revisionist, Russia’s Twentieth Century in History and Historiography

Steve Philips- Stalin and Stalinism

Leon Trotsky- War and the International- Attacked Russian involvement in WWI, History of the Russian Revolution- attacking Stalin

Richard Pipes- orthodox, Three Whys of Russian revolution- describes evilness of Lenin, The Unknown Lenin

Robert Service- Comrades: A World History of Communism

Edvard Radzinsky- more pro-Stalinist, Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives

Dimitri Volkoganov- Stalinist, Stalin: Triumph and tragedy

Anne Applebaum- Gulag

QUOTES

Figes: “The Romanov dynasty presented to the world a brilliant image of monarchical power and opulence during its tercentenary.”

Simpson: "With revolutionary parties in confusion and revolutionary leaders absent, the March revolution was a spontaneous, unplanned event. The timing and the cause of its outbreak were unexpected, though quickly exploited by the masses in the city"

Lvov: "Soviet has power without authority, Provisional Government has authority without power"

Bolsheviks: “suppress all attempts of the bourgeoisie to return to power: and this is what is meant by the dictatorship of the proletariat

Trotsky: “We have not organised the revolution to kill.”

Trotsky: “War is the instrument of policy.”

Stalin: “Do you want our Socialist fatherland to be beaten and to lose it is independence? We are fifty to a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this lag in ten years. Either we do it or they crush us.”

Stalin: “USSR should overtake and outstrip the capitalist countries.” , “Socialism in one country

Stalin: “I believe in one thing only, the power of the human will

Stalin:Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem.

E. H. Carr:Trotsky was the great intellectual

Anna Louise Strong: “Leon Trotsky remains the most popular man in the Soviet Republic. . . . Russia's best organizer . . . Trotsky is more popular throughout Russia not only than any other man but than the whole of the Central Committee

Anna Louise Strong: Leon Trotsky -“built an army out of worse than nothing; out of demoralised deserters who had determined never to fight again

Historians Chris Ward and Chris “Corin Rykov and Tomsky were too naïve and blinded by love of NEP

Alec Nove- An Economic History of the USSR: "It remains true beyond question that the second Five-Year Plan period was one of impressive achievement."

Stalin after 1936 constitution: “Never before - no, really never - has the world ever seen elections so completely free, and so truly democratic! History has recorded no other example of the kind."

Robert Conquest: "Joseph Stalin gives the impression of a large and crude claylike figure, a golem, into which a demonic spark has been instilled." He was nonetheless "a man who perhaps more than any other determined the course of the twentieth century."

Ukraine, "the breadbasket of the Soviet Union,"

Richard Pipes- Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime: "Stalin was a true Leninist in that he faithfully followed his patron's political philosophy and practices. Murdering fellow Communists - he had learned from Lenin, and that includes the two actions for which he is most severely condemned: collectivization and mass terror. A man of meagre education, he had no other source of ideas."

Stalin’s foreign policy was called “cold blooded realism

With Nazi-Soviet pact “Stalin gave the green light to aggression.” Stalin’s action lay in “believing that such a war would be a long drawn out affair rather than a blitzkrieg victory for Germany.”-war with Western Allies.

Historians and Quotes for the Cold War

For an updated page of quotes:

Traces of Evil


historians and quotes

for the Cold War

HISTORIANS

Kenneth Waltz: What is a good state? Marxists say it is in fair distribution of wealth. USA and allies say multi-party democracy and sovereignty of people

John Marsden- different social structures, and each of them proving that their system was better

George Mitchell- The Iron Curtain: The Cold War in Europe

John-Lewis Gaddis-post-revisionist The Cold War: A new history. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn- soviet social, Gulag Archipelago

George F. Kennan- orthodox, diplomacy

Richard Pipes- American orthodox

E.H. Carr- The twenty years crisis pro-soviet historian

Eric Hobsbawm- Marxist

Robert Divine- The Cuban Missile Crisis. Eisenhower and the Cold War

David Holloway- Stalin and the Bomb orthodox

William Taubman- Nikita Khrushchev

John Halliday and Bruce Cumings- Korea: The Unknown War

Chen Jian- Chinese Historian Mao’s China and the Cold War

William Williams- Tragedy of American Diplomacy- US was blamed for the Cold War

Timothy Garton Ash- the last part of the Cold War, Europe 1975-present

Howard Zinn- social historian- A People’s History of the United States

Harry Elmer Barnes- history is based on official historians like Churchill, Cold War was artificial (no ideology, just giving labour jobs etc.), Soviets did not start Cold War, origins of Cold War- Truman and Churchill

Peter G. Boyle: American-Soviet Relations: From the Russian Revolution to the Fall of Communism.

Norman Friedman: The Fifty Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War.

Terry Anderson: The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944-1947- orthodox view

Diane Shaver Clemens: Yalta- orthodox

Bruce Cumings: The Origins of the Korean War- pro-NK, against US intervention

Sergei Gorcharov, John Lewis, Xue Litai: Uncertain partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War.

Yonosuke Nagai and Akira Iriye: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia.

Michael Beschloss: Kennedy v. Khrushchev

Lawrence Freedman: Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam.

Alexandr Fursenko, Timothy Naftali: One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964.

Jarolim Navratil: The Prague Spring 68

David Reynolds: The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives.

Frank E. Vandiver: Shadows of Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson’s Wars.

Robin Edmonds: The Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhnev Years.

QUOTES

Defence Secretary Henry Stimson 1945: “US could never again be an island to itself

Churchill after Yalta to Roosevelt: “The Soviet Union has become a danger to the free world.

After Fulton Speech Stalin in Pravda 13 March 1946: “Mr. Churchill has called for a war on the USSR. Khrushchev in 1971: “…The Cold War set in. Churchill had given his famous speech in Fulton urging the imperialistic forces of the world to fight the Soviet Union. Our relations with England, France and the USA were ruined.

George Marshall June 1947: “Europe is a breeding ground of hate.”

Malenkov after Marshall Plan: “The ruling gang of American imperialists has taken the path of open expansion, of enslaving weakened capitalists countries.”

1946 secretary of state Byrnes: “Soviets understand only language How many divisions have you? I am tired of babying the Soviets.”

Molotov: “We have troops only where provided by treaties.”

Churchil: “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the Continent.”

Russian historians after introducing new currency in Bizonia: “The Soviet side was ready to supply food to all Berlin. Yet every day 380 American planes flew into Berlin. It was simply a propaganda move intended to make the Cold War worse.”

Churchill: “An Iron curtain is drawn down upon their front. We do not know what is going on behind

US State Department June 1947: “US must develop a policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counter force at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world…”

Brzezinsky stated that “world was now divided into two fronts, one imperialistic, the other socialist and democratic…”

Truman after invasion of South Korea: “I recall some earlier instances: Manchuria, Ethiopia, Austria. I remember how each time the democracies failed to act it had encouraged the aggressor to go ahead If this was allowed to go unchallenged it would mean a third world war.

Bradley Omar- Korea: “The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time and with the wrong enemy

John Halliday and Bruce Cumings- Korea: The Unknown War: “Each side proclaims that it won, yet each actually seems to feel that it lost.

Kim Il-Sung: “In the Korean War, the US imperialists suffered an ignominious military defeat for the first time in the history of the US; this meant the beginning of a downward path for US imperialism.

Churchill about Korea: “Korea does not really matter. Id never heard of the bloody place until I was seventy-four. Its importance lies in the fact that it has led to the re-arming of America.

Stalin before his deaths: “the imperialistic powers will wring your necks like chickens.

Khrushchev 1955 in Yugoslavia: “There are different roads to communism.

Khrushchev 1956 in London: “You do not like Communism. We do not like capitalism. There is only one way out- peaceful co-existence.”

JF Kennedy There are many people in the world who really don't understand-or say they don't-what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world. Let them come to Berlin!

Robert McNamara in movie Fog of War (2003) -Kennedy was rational; Khrushchev was rational; Castro was rational. Rational individuals came that close to total destruction of their societies.

Curtis Lemay- Cuban Missile Crisis: “That was the era when we might have destroyed Russia completely and not even skinned our elbows doing it.

Richard Grayson: “Britain was the Coldest Cold War Warrior